Quantum Physics : Basics and achievement

At the turn of 19^th and all the way up to 20th century in physics there were several “critical” experiments that in no way could not be explained by the previous classical physics.
The achievements of scientific theories, especially Newton’s theory of gravity, said the French scientists, Marquis Laplace, to the early nineteenth century establish that the universe is completely deterministic. Laplace believed that there is a set of scientific laws that should allow us to predict everything that will happen in the universe, provided that we know the whole state of the universe at any given time.
Doctrine of scientific determinism resolutely opposed by many authors who were of the opinion that this hampers the freedom of God to affect the world, but it is still formally remained in force in science until the early twentieth century

German scientist Max Planck presented on 14 December 1900. The idea that light, X-rays, and other waves are not being issued in an arbitrary scale, but only in certain packets that he called quanta. In addition, each quantum has a certain amount of energy, that it is the greater and the higher frequency of the wave, so that it is a sufficiently high frequency broadcasting only one quanta and it requires more energy than it is generally available. Thus, the radiation at high frequencies would be reduced, and the rate at which the body loses energy would be final.

Quantum hypothesis is quite well explained weighed amount of radiation emitted warm bodies, but its impact on deterministic doctrine was understood only in 1926, when another scientist Werner Heisenberg, framed his famous uncertainty principle. In order to foresee the following position and speed of a particle, it is necessary to accurately measure its present position and speed. The obvious way to do this is to shed light on the particle. Particles will reflect one part of a wave of light, which will indicate its position. However, the position of the particle can not be accurately determined than the amount of space between the two hills of the light wave, so it is necessary to use light of short wavelengths in order to precisely determine the position of the particle.

Heisenberg showed that the vagueness of the position of the product particles, the vagueness of the speed of particles and mass of particles can not be smaller than a certain size, which is known as Planck’s constant.

The uncertainty principle has had an important impact on our way of seeing the world. Even now, many philosophers have not become aware of this influence, so he is still a subject of serious controversy. The uncertainty principle signaled the end of the dream of a theory of science, a model of the universe that would be completely deterministic: it is certain that they can not accurately predict future events, if it can not be accurately measured even the current state of the universe!

A new look at the real world has enabled Heisenberg that during the twenties of the twentieth century reformulate mechanics into a new theory which is named quantum mechanics, which is based on the principle of indeterminacy. In this theory, particles are no longer separate and they do not have quite certain position and speed that can not be seen. Instead, they have a quantum state that is a combination of position and speed.